*** Processed Data Used in the Following Paper ***
! Minamihara, Y., Sato, K., & Tsutsumi, M., Kelvin-Helmholtz Billows in the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere Detected by the PANSY Radar at Syowa station in the Antarctic. submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere.
! Corresponding author: Minamihara, Y. (minamihara@met.kishou.go.jp)
*** ------------------------------------------ ***

*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 1: Time-height cross sections of (a) echo power in FII mode, (b) zonal (u) and (c) meridional (v) wind in the standard mode by the PANSY radar, and (d) vertical wind shear (|dU⁄dz|), (e) squared buoyancy frequency (N^2), and (f) Richardson number (Ri) estimated from radiosonde observations in March.
*** ------------------------------------------ ***

figure01_a.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: ntime           !! Data points on the horizontal axis
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rtime(ntime)       !! Time array [day]
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km]
! real :: echo(ntime,nrange) !! Echo power observed by the PANSY radar in FII mode [dB]
read(10,*) ntime, nrange
read(10,*) rtime(1:ntime)
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
do i=1,ntime
   read(10,*) echo(i,1:nrange)
end do
!-----------------!

figure01_b.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: ntime           !! Data points on the horizontal axis
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rtime(ntime)       !! Time array [day]
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km]
! real :: u(ntime,nrange)    !! Zonal wind observed by the PANSY radar in standard mode [m s^-1]
read(10,*) ntime, nrange
read(10,*) rtime(1:ntime)
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
do i=1,ntime
   read(10,*) u(i,1:nrange)
end do
!-----------------!

figure01_c.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: ntime           !! Data points on the horizontal axis
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rtime(ntime)       !! Time array [day]
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km]
! real :: v(ntime,nrange)    !! Meridional wind observed by the PANSY radar in standard mode [m s^-1]
read(10,*) ntime, nrange
read(10,*) rtime(1:ntime)
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
do i=1,ntime
   read(10,*) v(i,1:nrange)
end do
!-----------------!

figure01_d.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: ntime           !! Data points on the horizontal axis
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rtime(ntime)       !! Time array [day]
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km]
! real :: shear(ntime,nrange)!! Magnitude of vertical shear of horizontal wind estimated by the radiosonde observations [m s^-1 km^-1]
read(10,*) ntime, nrange
read(10,*) rtime(1:ntime)
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
do i=1,ntime
   read(10,*) shear(i,1:nrange)
end do
!-----------------!

figure01_e.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: ntime           !! Data points on the horizontal axis
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rtime(ntime)       !! Time array [day]
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km]
! real :: N2(ntime,nrange)   !! Squared buoyancy frequency estimated by the radiosonde observations [*1.e^4 s^-2 ]
read(10,*) ntime, nrange
read(10,*) rtime(1:ntime)
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
do i=1,ntime
   read(10,*) N2(i,1:nrange)
end do
!-----------------!

figure01_f.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: ntime           !! Data points on the horizontal axis
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rtime(ntime)       !! Time array [day]
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km]
! real :: Ri(ntime,nrange)   !! Richardson number estimated by the radiosonde observations
read(10,*) ntime, nrange
read(10,*) rtime(1:ntime)
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
do i=1,ntime
   read(10,*) N2(i,1:nrange)
end do
!-----------------!

*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 2: Same as in Figure 1 but for the observations in August.
*** ------------------------------------------ ***
The data formats are the same as in Figure 1.

*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 3:  Time-height cross sections of (a) echo power and (b) vertical winds (w) in FII mode by the PANSY radar for Case A. The green line shows the altitude versus time of the radiosonde launched at 15:30 UTC on 21 March.
*** ------------------------------------------ ***

figure03_a.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: ntime           !! Data points on the horizontal axis
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rtime(ntime)       !! Time array [hour]
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km]
! real :: echo(ntime,nrange) !! Echo power observed by the PANSY radar in FII mode [dB]
read(10,*) ntime, nrange
read(10,*) rtime(1:ntime)
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
do i=1,ntime
   read(10,*) echo(i,1:nrange)
end do
!-----------------!

figure03_b.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: ntime           !! Data points on the horizontal axis
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rtime(ntime)       !! Time array [hour]
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km]
! real :: w(ntime,nrange)    !! Verical wind observed by the PANSY radar in FII mode [dB]
read(10,*) ntime, nrange
read(10,*) rtime(1:ntime)
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
do i=1,ntime
   read(10,*) w(i,1:nrange)
end do
!-----------------!

figure03_sonde.dat !! radiosonde trajectory 

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: ntime           !! Data points
! real :: rtime(ntime)       !! Time array [hour]
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km]
read(10,*) ntime
read(10,*) rtime(1:ntime)
read(10,*) rheight(1:ntime)
!-----------------!

*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 4: Vertical profiles of (a1) u and v, (b) horizontal wind disturbances (u^' and v^'), and (c)  |dU⁄dz| observed in the standard mode by the PANSY at 14:01 UTC on 21 March. Vertical profiles of (a2) u and v, (d) N^2, and (e) Ri observed by the radiosonde launched at 15:30 UTC on 21 March. (f) A hodograph of u^' and v^' observed by the PANSY radar in the height region of z= 9.0-10.5 km corresponding to the shade region of the panel (b).
*** ------------------------------------------ ***

figure04_a1.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km] 
! real :: u(nrange)          !! Zonal wind observed by the radiosonde [m s^-1]
! real :: v(nrange)          !! Meridional wind observed by the radiosonde [m s^-1]
read(10,*) nrange
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
read(10,*) u(1:nrange)
read(10,*) v(1:nrange)
!-----------------!

figure04_a2.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km] 
! real :: u(nrange)          !! Zonal wind observed by the PANSY radar [m s^-1]
! real :: v(nrange)          !! Meridional wind observed by the PANSY radar [m s^-1]
read(10,*) nrange
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
read(10,*) u(1:nrange)
read(10,*) v(1:nrange)
!-----------------!

figure04_b.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km] 
! real :: ugw(nrange)        !! Zonal wind disturbances observed by the radiosonde [m s^-1]
! real :: vgw(nrange)        !! Meridional wind disturbances observed by the radiosonde [m s^-1]
read(10,*) nrange
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
read(10,*) ugw(1:nrange)
read(10,*) vgw(1:nrange)
!-----------------!

figure04_c.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km] 
! real :: shear(nrange)      !! Magnitude of vertical shear of horizontal wind estimated by the radiosonde observations [m s^-1 km^-1]
! real :: uabs(nrange)       !! Wind speed observed by the radiosonde [m s^-1]
read(10,*) nrange
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
read(10,*) shear(1:nrange)
read(10,*) uabs(1:nrange)
!-----------------!

figure04_d.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km] 
! real :: shear(nrange)      !! Magnitude of vertical shear of horizontal wind estimated by the radiosonde observations [m s^-1 km^-1]
! real :: uabs(nrange)       !! Squared buoyancy frequency estimated observed by the radiosonde [*1.e4 s^-2]
read(10,*) nrange
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
read(10,*) N2(1:nrange)
!-----------------!

figure04_e.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km] 
! real :: shear(nrange)      !! Magnitude of vertical shear of horizontal wind estimated by the radiosonde observations [m s^-1 km^-1]
! real :: uabs(nrange)       !! Richardson number estimated observed by the radiosonde
read(10,*) nrange
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
read(10,*) Ri(1:nrange)
!-----------------!

figure04_f.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nrange          !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: rheight(nrange)    !! Height array [km] 
! real :: ugw(nrange)        !! Zonal wind disturbances observed by the PANSY radar [m s^-1]
! real :: vgw(nrange)        !! Meridional wind disturbances observed by the PANSY radar [m s^-1]
! real :: ufit(nrange)       !! Zonal wind components of elliptical fitting 
! real :: vfit(nrange)       !! Meridional wind components of elliptical fitting 

read(10,*) nrange
read(10,*) ugw(1:nrange)
read(10,*) vgw(1:nrange)
read(10,*) ufit(1:nrange)
read(10,*) vfit(1:nrange)
read(10,*) rheight(1:nrange)
!-----------------!

*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 5. (a) Longitude-latitude cross-section of horizontal wind divergence (∇_h⋅v_h) (color) and pressure (p) (contour) at z= 9.5 km with a contour interval of 2 hPa. The green cross indicates the location of Syowa Station. Horizontal-height cross sections of (b) ∇_h⋅v_h, (c) horizontal momentum vertical fluxes parallel to A–B direction ((u_∥^' w^' ) ̅), (d) |dU⁄dz|, and (e) Ri overlaid with horizontal wind parallel to A–B direction (u_∥) with a contour interval of 5 m s^(-1). All panels show the results of the NICAM simulation at 14:30 UTC on 21 March.
*** ------------------------------------------ ***

figure05_a.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nlon            !! Data points on the horizontal axis  
! integer :: nlat            !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: lon(nlon)          !! Longitude array [degree]
! real :: lat(nlat)          !! Latitude array [degree]
! real :: div(nlon,nlat)     !! horizontal wind divergence from the NICAM simulation [*1.e^7 s^-1]
! real :: p(nlon,nlat)       !! Pressure form the NICAM simulation [hPa]
read(10,*) nlon, nlat
read(10,*) lon(1:nlon)
read(10,*) lat(1:nlat)
do i=1,nlon
   read(10,*) div(i,1:nlat)
end do
do i=1,nlon
   read(10,*) p(i,1:nlat)
end do
!-----------------!

figure05_b.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nh             !! Data points on the horizontal axis  
! integer :: nv             !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: dis(nh)           !! Horizontal distance [km]
! real :: z(nz)             !! Height array [km]
! real :: div(nh,nz)        !! horizontal wind divergence from the NICAM simulation [*1.e^7 s^-1]
! real :: u(nh,nz)          !! horizontal wind parallel to A–B direction (m s^-1)
read(10,*) nh,nz
read(10,*) dis(1:nh)
read(10,*) z(1:nz)
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) div(i,1:nz)
end do
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) u(i,1:nz)
end do
!-----------------!

figure05_c.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nh             !! Data points on the horizontal axis  
! integer :: nv             !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: dis(nh)           !! Horizontal distance [km]
! real :: z(nz)             !! Height array [km]
! real :: uw(nh,nz)         !! horizontal momentum vertical fluxes parallel to A–B direction from the NICAM simulation [*1.e^7 s^-1]
! real :: u(nh,nz)          !! horizontal wind parallel to A–B direction (m s^-1)
read(10,*) nh,nz
read(10,*) dis(1:nh)
read(10,*) z(1:nz)
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) uw(i,1:nz)
end do
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) u(i,1:nz)
end do
!-----------------!

figure05_d.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nh             !! Data points on the horizontal axis  
! integer :: nv             !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: dis(nh)           !! Horizontal distance [km]
! real :: z(nz)             !! Height array [km]
! real :: shear(nh,nz)      !! Magnitude of vertical shear of horizontal wind from the NICAM simulation [m s^-1 km^-1]
! real :: u(nh,nz)          !! horizontal wind parallel to A–B direction (m s^-1)
read(10,*) nh,nz
read(10,*) dis(1:nh)
read(10,*) z(1:nz)
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) shear(i,1:nz)
end do
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) u(i,1:nz)
end do
!-----------------!

figure05_e.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nh             !! Data points on the horizontal axis  
! integer :: nv             !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: dis(nh)           !! Horizontal distance [km]
! real :: z(nz)             !! Height array [km]
! real :: ri(nh,nz)         !! Richardson number from the NICAM simulation
! real :: u(nh,nz)          !! horizontal wind parallel to A–B direction (m s^-1)
read(10,*) nh,nz
read(10,*) dis(1:nh)
read(10,*) z(1:nz)
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) ri(i,1:nz)
end do
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) u(i,1:nz)
end do
!-----------------!

*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 6: Time-height cross sections of (a) echo power and (b) w in FII mode by the PANSY radar for Case B. The green line shows the altitude versus time of the radiosonde launched at 11:30 UTC on 22 March. (c) A detailed time-height cross-section of w (color) and echo power (contour) only with contours of 55 and 60 dB.
*** ------------------------------------------ ***
The data formats are the same as in Figure 3.


*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 7: Vertical profiles of (a1) u and v, (b) u^' and v^', and (c) |dU⁄dz|, and wind speed observed in the standard mode by the PANSY radar at 12:00 UTC on 22 March. Vertical profiles of (a2) u  and v, (d) N^2, and (e) Ri observed by the radiosonde launched at 11:30 UTC on 22 March. The red solid line in panel (e) shows the height region where Ri is <0.25
*** ------------------------------------------ ***
The data formats are the same as in Figure 4.


*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 8: (a) Longitude-latitude cross-section of ∇_h⋅v_h (color) and p (contour) at z= 7.0 km with a contour interval of 1 hPa. The green cross indicates the location of Syowa Station. Horizontal-height cross sections of (b) horizontal wind speed, (c) |dU⁄dz|, and (d) Ri overlaid with horizontal wind perpendicular to A–B direction (v_⊥)  with a contour interval of 5 m s^(-1). All panels show the results of the NICAM simulation at 12:30 UTC on 22 March.
*** ------------------------------------------ ***

figure08_a.dat
The data formats are the same as in Figure 5_a.

figure08_b.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nh             !! Data points on the horizontal axis  
! integer :: nv             !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: dis(nh)           !! Horizontal distance [km]
! real :: z(nz)             !! Height array [km]
! real :: uabs(nh,nz)        !! horizontal wind speed from the NICAM simulation [m s^-1]
! real :: u(nh,nz)          !! horizontal wind perpendicular to A–B direction [m s^-1]
read(10,*) nh,nz
read(10,*) dis(1:nh)
read(10,*) z(1:nz)
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) uabs(i,1:nz)
end do
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) u(i,1:nz)
end do
!-----------------!

figure08_c.dat
The data formats are the same as in Figure 5_d.

figure08_d.dat
The data formats are the same as in Figure 5_e.

*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 9: (a) Histogram of the number of observed K-H billows for each height. Histograms of (b) wave period, (c) depth, (d) wavelength, and (e) aspect ratio of the K-H billows. Histograms of (f) |dU⁄dz| observed by the PANSY standard mode, (g) N^2, and (h) Ri estimated from radiosonde data. (i) Histogram of ε for the entire observational time-height region (gray) and ε in the region in which the K-H billows were observed (black). Mean and median values are shown in the upper-right corners of the panels.
*** ------------------------------------------ ***

figure09_a.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of K-H billows 
! real :: rheight(n)        !! Height where K-H billows were observed [km]
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) rheight(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure09_b.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of K-H billows 
! real :: rperiod(n)        !! Wave period of K-H billows [s]
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) rperiod(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure09_c.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of K-H billows 
! real :: rdepth(n)         !! Depth of K-H billows [m]
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) rdepth(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure09_d.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of K-H billows 
! real :: rlength(n)        !! Wave length of K-H billows [m]
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) rlength(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure09_e.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of K-H billows 
! real :: rratio(n)         !! Aspect ratio of K-H billows
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) rratio(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure09_f.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of K-H billows 
! real :: rbacku(n)         !! Background wind speed observed by the PANSY radar  [m s^-1]
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) rbacku(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure09_g.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of K-H billows 
! real :: rbacku(n)         !! Squared bouyancy frequency estimated by the radiosonde observations [*1.e4 s^-2]
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) N2(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure09_h.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of K-H billows 
! real :: ri(n)             !! Richardson number estimated by the radiosonde observations
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) ri(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure09_i_black.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of K-H billows 
! real :: epsb(n)            !! Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate where K-H billows were observed by the PANSY radar
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) epsb(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure09_i_white.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Data points for the entire observational time-height region
! real :: epsw(n)            !! Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate for the entire observational time-height region
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) epsw(1:n)
!-----------------!

*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 10: (a) Idealized vertical profiles of U(z) (black solid) and dU⁄dz (gray solid), (b) N^2 (z), and (c) Ri that mimic (1) Case A and (2) Case B. (d) Growth rate versus horizontal wavelength expected from linear theory and (e) vertical profile of the normalized amplitude and phase for the most unstable mode
*** ------------------------------------------ ***

figure10_a1&2.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of Data points
! real :: rheight(n)        !! Height array [km]
! real :: u(n)              !! Zonal wind profile [m s^-1]
! real :: dudz(n)           !! Vertical shear of zonal wind [s^-1]
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) u(1:n)
read(10,*) dudz(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure10_b1&2.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of Data points
! real :: rheight(n)        !! Height array [km]
! real :: n2(n)             !! Vertical profile of squared buoyancy frequency [*1.e4 s^-2]
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) n2(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure10_c1&2.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of Data points
! real :: rheight(n)        !! Height array [km]
! real :: n2(n)             !! Vertical profile of Richardson number
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) ri(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure10_d1&2.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of Data points
! real :: rlength(n)        !! Wave length array [m]
! real :: rgrate(n)         !! Espected growth rate
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) rlength(1:n)
read(10,*) rgrate(1:n)
!-----------------!

figure10_e1&2.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: n              !! Number of Data points
! real :: rheight(n)        !! Height [km]
! real :: ramp(n)           !! Amplitude
! real :: rhahse(n)         !! Phase [degree]
read(10,*) n
read(10,*) ramp(1:n)
read(10,*) rphase(1:n)
!-----------------!

*** ------------------------------------------ ***
Figure 11:  Longitude-latitude cross sections of (a) potential temperature (θ) at z= 7.0 km from (1) 00:00 UTC on 20 March to (6) 12:00 UTC 22 March every 12 h. Contours show p at z= 7.0 km with an interval of 1 hPa. (b) Detailed longitude-latitude cross-section of the panel (a6) and (c) horizontal-height cross-section of θ (color) and horizontal wind perpendicular to A–B line (contour) with a contour interval of 5 m s^(-1). The green crosses indicate the location of Syowa Station.
*** ------------------------------------------ ***

figure11_a&b.dat
!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nlon            !! Data points on the horizontal axis  
! integer :: nlat            !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: lon(nlon)          !! Longitude array [degree]
! real :: lat(nlat)          !! Latitude array [degree]
! real :: theta(nlon,nlat)   !! Potential temperature from the NICAM simulation [K]
! real :: p(nlon,nlat)       !! Pressure from the NICAM simulation [K]
read(10,*) nlon, nlat
read(10,*) lon(1:nlon)
read(10,*) lat(1:nlat)
do i=1,nlon
   read(10,*) theta(i,1:nlat)
end do
do i=1,nlon
   read(10,*) p(i,1:nlat)
end do
!-----------------!

figure11_c.dat

!-- How to read --!
! integer :: nh             !! Data points on the horizontal axis  
! integer :: nv             !! Data points on the vertical axis  
! real :: dis(nh)           !! Horizontal distance [km]
! real :: z(nz)             !! Height array [km]
! real :: theta(nh,nz)      !! Potential temperature from the NICAM simulation [K]
! real :: u(nh,nz)          !! horizontal wind perpendicular to A–B direction (m s^-1)
read(10,*) nh,nz
read(10,*) dis(1:nh)
read(10,*) z(1:nz)
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) theta(i,1:nz)
end do
do i=1,nh
   read(10,*) u(i,1:nz)
end do
!-----------------!